Passing assets efficiently to the next generation
There are many things to consider when looking to protect your family’s lifestyle and your home. Protecting your estate is ultimately about securing more of your wealth for your loved ones and planning for what will happen after your death to make the lives of your loved ones much easier. It’s not nice to think about but it means that your loved ones can carry out your wishes and be protected from Inheritance Tax.
If you don’t make the right financial arrangements, your family could potentially have to foot a hefty Inheritance Tax bill in the event of your premature death. Passing assets efficiently to the next generation remains a primary objective for many who have spent a lifetime accumulating their wealth. Providing funds for family members or a charitable interest is also an important way to see the benefit of your wealth during your lifetime as well as leaving a legacy.
Inheritance Tax is payable on everything you have of value when you die, including:
• your home
• jewellery
• savings and investments
• works of art
• cars
• any other properties or land – even if they are overseas
Peace of mind after you’re gone
Making sure that you’ve made plans for after you’re gone will give you peace of mind. It’s not nice to think about but it means that your loved ones can carry out your wishes and be protected from Inheritance Tax. You don’t have to be wealthy for your estate to be liable for Inheritance Tax when you die your assets become known as your estate.
Any part of your estate that is left to your spouse or registered civil partner will be exempt from Inheritance Tax. The exception is if your spouse or registered civil partner is domiciled outside the UK. Then the maximum you can give them before Inheritance Tax may need to be paid is currently £325,000 (tax year 2020/21). Unmarried partners, no matter how long-standing, have no automatic rights under the Inheritance Tax rules.
Executors make the necessary elections
Where your estate is left to someone other than a spouse or registered civil partner, for example, to a non-exempt beneficiary, Inheritance Tax will be payable on the amount that exceeds the nil rate threshold.
Every individual is entitled to a Nil Rate Band (that is, every individual is entitled to leave an amount of their estate up to the value of the nil rate threshold to a non-exempt beneficiary without incurring Inheritance Tax).
If you are a widow or widower and your deceased spouse did not use the whole of his or her Nil Rate Band, the Nil Rate Band applicable at your death can be increased by the percentage of nil rate band unused on the death of your deceased spouse, provided your executors make the necessary elections within 2 years of your death.
Non-exempt gifts made within seven years
To calculate the total amount of Inheritance Tax payable on your death, gifts made during your lifetime that are not exempt transfers must also be taken into account. Where the total amount of non-exempt gifts made within seven years of death plus the value of the element of your estate left to non-exempt beneficiaries exceeds the nil rate threshold, Inheritance Tax is payable at 40% on the amount exceeding the threshold.
This reduces to 36% if the estate qualifies for a reduced rate as a result of a charity bequest. In some circumstances, Inheritance Tax can also become payable on the lifetime gifts themselves – although gifts made between three and seven years before death could qualify for taper relief, which reduces the amount of Inheritance Tax payable.
Estates worth more than £2 million on death
From 6 April 2017, an IHT ‘Residence Nil Rate Band’ is available in addition to the standard nil rate band. It’s worth up to £175,000 (tax year 2020/21). It starts to be tapered away if your Inheritance Tax estate is worth more than £2 million on death. Unlike the standard nil rate band, it’s only available for transfers on death. It’s normally available if you leave a residential property that you’ve occupied as your home outright to direct descendants.
Taper relief
Taper relief applies where Inheritance Tax, or additional Inheritance Tax, becomes payable on your death in respect of gifts made during your lifetime. The relief works on a sliding scale. The relief is given against the amount of tax you’d have to pay rather than the value of the gift itself. The value of the gift is set when it’s given, not at the time of death.
Gifting
HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) permits you to make a number of small gifts each year without creating an Inheritance Tax liability. Each person has their own allowance, so the amount can be doubled if each spouse or registered civil partner uses their allowances.
You can also make larger gifts but these are known as Potentially Exempt Transfers (PETs) and you could have to pay Inheritance Tax on their value if you die within seven years of making them. Any other gifts made during your lifetime which do not qualify as a PET will immediately be chargeable to Inheritance Tax.
These are called Chargeable Lifetime Transfers (CLT) and an example is a gift into a Discretionary trust. The taxation rules of CLT’s are complicated and you should obtain professional advice if you are considering a CLT. Also if you make a gift to someone but keep an interest in it, it becomes known as a ‘Gift With Reservation’ and will remain in your estate for Inheritance Tax purposes when you die.
HMRC permits you give the following as exempt transfers:
• Up to £3,000 each year as either one or a number of gifts. If you don’t use it all up one year you can carry the remainder over to the next tax year. A tax year runs from the 6 April one year to 5 April in the next year.
• Gifts of up to £250 to any number of other people – but not those who received all or part of the £3,000.
• Any amount from income that is given on a regular basis provided it doesn’t reduce your standard of living. These are known as gifts made as ‘normal expenditure out of income’.
• If your child is getting married you can gift them £5,000, if a grandchild or more distant descendent is getting married £2,500 and a friend or anyone else you know £1,000.
• Donations to charity, political parties, universities and certain other bodies recognised by HMRC.
• Maintenance payments to spouses, and ex spouses, elderly or infirm dependant relatives and children under 18 or in full-time education.
• There are certain other gifts that can qualify for relief from Inheritance Tax. These can include gifts of a small business, sole trader enterprise or partnership and shares in companies listed on the smaller more risky stock exchange, the Alternative Investment Market (AIM).
• Farmers can also gain up to 100% relief from Inheritance Tax when making gifts of certain agricultural land or farm buildings. But the rules in both these situations, known as business and agricultural relief respectively, are complex and you’d be best to seek expert advice before gifting anything away.
• Members of the armed forces killed in action or whose death is hastened by injuries sustained on active duty are also exempt from Inheritance Tax.
Life insurance policy
If you don’t want to give away your assets while you’re still alive, another option is to take out life cover, which can pay out an amount equal to your estimated Inheritance Tax liability on death. Taking out a life insurance policy written under an appropriate trust could be used towards paying any Inheritance Tax liability.
Under normal circumstances, the payout from a life insurance policy will form part of your legal estate, and may therefore be subject to Inheritance Tax. By writing a life-insurance policy in an appropriate trust, the proceeds from the policy can be paid directly to the beneficiaries rather than to your legal estate, and will therefore not be taken into account when Inheritance Tax is calculated. It also means payment to your beneficiaries will probably be quicker, as the money will not go through probate.